Should the 21st-Century New Latin American Left Include the Cuban
Revolution? Of course it should, argues Arnold August, who is speaking at the
Latin America Conference in London on Saturday 7 December www.latinamericaconference.org.uk
Discussion
about the new Latin American left has been increasing with the examples of
Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador and others. However, the Cuban Revolution is at
times excluded from this emerging political movement, either directly or
indirectly.
One of the implicit or explicit pretexts is that Cuba is characterized as a “one-party” system, while countries such as Venezuela are featured as “multi-party” systems. The implication is that Cuba lacks democracy, as part of the old left and as an offshoot of the old Soviet and Eastern Bloc model, while Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador are presented as constituting an expression of a new political left, having bypassed this historical heritage, with all its negative traits.
I believe that the characterisation of political systems based on the number of political parties in existence is a false dichotomy (i.e. of one-party vs. multi-party). This cannot be the gauge of a country’s democratic status nor of its belonging to a new left in the region. Is there a dichotomy with regard to political systems? Yes, but the bifurcation stems from a deep-rooted litmus test going back many centuries. The separation stems from whether or not a political system fosters a sovereignty that resides in the people as the hallmark of a democracy.
One of the implicit or explicit pretexts is that Cuba is characterized as a “one-party” system, while countries such as Venezuela are featured as “multi-party” systems. The implication is that Cuba lacks democracy, as part of the old left and as an offshoot of the old Soviet and Eastern Bloc model, while Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador are presented as constituting an expression of a new political left, having bypassed this historical heritage, with all its negative traits.
I believe that the characterisation of political systems based on the number of political parties in existence is a false dichotomy (i.e. of one-party vs. multi-party). This cannot be the gauge of a country’s democratic status nor of its belonging to a new left in the region. Is there a dichotomy with regard to political systems? Yes, but the bifurcation stems from a deep-rooted litmus test going back many centuries. The separation stems from whether or not a political system fosters a sovereignty that resides in the people as the hallmark of a democracy.
Constitutional rights
In the Cuban Constitution, Article 5 indicates that “the Communist Party of Cuba, a follower of Martí’s ideas and of Marxism-Leninism, and the organised vanguard of the Cuban nation, is the highest leading force of society and of the state, which organises and guides the common effort toward the goals of the construction of socialism and the progress toward a communist society.”
Furthermore,
Article 3 stipulates that “sovereignty lies in the people, from whom originates
all the power of the state.” Is there a contradiction to be found in these two
articles? The question is, rather, the extent to which the Party actively
fosters the notion that “sovereignty lies in the people.”
To illustrate this point, the new 1999 Venezuelan Constitution indicates in Article 5 that “Sovereignty resides untransferable in the people.” The same principle is also to be found in Bolivia and Ecuador.
The case of Venezuela
In Venezuela, many other articles highlight this requirement. Since the 1998 elections, in which Hugo Chávez was elected President, the developing Bolivarian Revolution has been promoting in real, practical terms the notion of the people being sovereign, in the process of developing a vibrant participatory democracy despite all the obstacles and weaknesses.
Since Chávez’s death, President Maduro and the socialist party PSUV have not only carried out this tradition, but are striving to catapult it further. This is being experimented with through such approaches as “Street Government” and rapidly increasing grass-roots levels of people’s participation.
It is true that the political system in Venezuela is known to be a “multi-party system.” However, let us consider a worst-case scenario, such as if the pro-US Capriles forces had won the April 14, 2013 multi-party elections or, again, if a US-organised coup were to take place or if the Bolivarian forces were to be defeated in the next multi-party national elections or through a recall referendum.
In any of the above-mentioned hypothetical events, what would happen to the notion that sovereignty lies in the people? The pro-US, pro-Venezuelan oligarchy would strive to undo this by replacing it with the unfettered rule of the wealthy over the vast majority, as was the case prior to 1998.
I am convinced that, even in the worst case, the Bolivarian Revolution would remain a permanent feature of the new Venezuelan political landscape and could not be uprooted or eliminated even by the most powerful US-led forces. However, the question remains, in the event of a negative machination as described above, what would happen to democracy in Venezuela? It would suffer a setback even if it were not to be permanent. Yet, this would take place in a multi-party system, which is the supposed epitome of democracy.
To illustrate this point, the new 1999 Venezuelan Constitution indicates in Article 5 that “Sovereignty resides untransferable in the people.” The same principle is also to be found in Bolivia and Ecuador.
The case of Venezuela
In Venezuela, many other articles highlight this requirement. Since the 1998 elections, in which Hugo Chávez was elected President, the developing Bolivarian Revolution has been promoting in real, practical terms the notion of the people being sovereign, in the process of developing a vibrant participatory democracy despite all the obstacles and weaknesses.
Since Chávez’s death, President Maduro and the socialist party PSUV have not only carried out this tradition, but are striving to catapult it further. This is being experimented with through such approaches as “Street Government” and rapidly increasing grass-roots levels of people’s participation.
It is true that the political system in Venezuela is known to be a “multi-party system.” However, let us consider a worst-case scenario, such as if the pro-US Capriles forces had won the April 14, 2013 multi-party elections or, again, if a US-organised coup were to take place or if the Bolivarian forces were to be defeated in the next multi-party national elections or through a recall referendum.
In any of the above-mentioned hypothetical events, what would happen to the notion that sovereignty lies in the people? The pro-US, pro-Venezuelan oligarchy would strive to undo this by replacing it with the unfettered rule of the wealthy over the vast majority, as was the case prior to 1998.
I am convinced that, even in the worst case, the Bolivarian Revolution would remain a permanent feature of the new Venezuelan political landscape and could not be uprooted or eliminated even by the most powerful US-led forces. However, the question remains, in the event of a negative machination as described above, what would happen to democracy in Venezuela? It would suffer a setback even if it were not to be permanent. Yet, this would take place in a multi-party system, which is the supposed epitome of democracy.
Cuba’s participatory democracy
The Cuban political system, on the other hand, is in no danger of this scenario taking place. Rather, the question, as far as the island is concerned, relates to the extent to which the Communist Party increasingly and effectively nourishes sovereignty vested in the hands of the people as an ongoing process of democratisation.
The Cuban criterion of people’s participation goes back to the second half of the 19th century, when, during the wars of independence against Spain and in favour of a more just society, four constitutions arising out of as many constituent assemblies emerged. Local forms of popular governance at the grass-roots level, right under the noses of Spanish occupiers, tackled concerns such as health and education. The last segment of these struggles was led by Martí’s revolutionary political party.
In modern times, taking into account the current changes being brought about in Cuba, is the role of the Communist Party to stifle discussion and debate? Or, rather, is the approach to encourage the participation of the people in shaping their destiny while the Revolution is once again at a crossroads? The facts show that the latter path is being followed.
For example, Raúl Castro made an important speech in July 2007 in which he called on the people to discuss the issues and problems they are facing. In September and October, more than 5.1 million people participated in workplace, educational institution and neighbourhood meetings. There were 3,255,000 separate inputs recorded, including 1,301,203 concrete proposals. Of these suggestions, 48.8% were criticisms.
In preparation for the 2011 Communist Party Congress, there were 163,079 meetings with 8,913,838 participants, resulting in 3,019,471 separate suggestions that contributed to the elaboration of the guidelines that served to orient all the major changes that are presently under way.
Regarding the selling and purchasing of homes, the original guidelines stipulated only the need to “apply more convenient procedures to home exchanges, purchases, sales and leases in order to facilitate solutions to satisfy the demands of the population for housing.”
This was
modified to widen the notion of home sales to “allow the buying and selling of
housing, while other forms of ownership transfers (exchanges, donations and
others) among individuals were to be made more flexible.”
Concerning car purchases and sales, the initial Congress Guidelines did not include anything with regard to this concern. However, in the wake of the discussions at the grass-roots level, a new guideline was introduced to allow for “the purchase and sale, between individuals, of existing vehicles.” Only five months after the April 2011 Congress, new decree legislation was introduced to enable the sale and purchase of vehicles.
Concerning car purchases and sales, the initial Congress Guidelines did not include anything with regard to this concern. However, in the wake of the discussions at the grass-roots level, a new guideline was introduced to allow for “the purchase and sale, between individuals, of existing vehicles.” Only five months after the April 2011 Congress, new decree legislation was introduced to enable the sale and purchase of vehicles.
There are many other examples to illustrate this point that the main feature of Cuba’s political system is not the number of parties in existence, but rather the active cultivation of sovereignty increasingly being vested in the hands of the people. It is, after all, this so-called “single party” that is the political force striving to further stimulate the active participation of the people.
Ironically, the hindrance to the people increasingly taking up their role as the framers of their own destiny stems from those entrenched in the bureaucracy who oppose this work of the party and its leadership to further democratize the Cuban political and socio-economic system.
The mainstream media and some academic circles propagate the notion that Cuba is a so-called closed, stultified authoritarian system. However, my investigation shows that Cuba is presently the scene of a most vigorous debate at all levels on how to improve the political system so that the notion of people’s sovereignty takes on even more practical meaning.
For example, Rafael Hernández, director of Cuba’s critical Temas magazine, referred to Raúl Castro’s 2011 party congress report by saying that “without transforming the political work style, without changing the manner of conceiving the role of the party, without also transforming the democracy within the party, participation, the party’s work style in its relations with the population, without these changes, the reforms would not succeed.”
Another social
scientist, Olga Fernández Ríos, in analysing the grass-roots active
participation as manifested in the two examples provided above (the 2007 open
debate and the 2010 pre-Congress input sessions) is of the opinion that this
type of citizen participation should become a permanent and systemized feature
of the Cuban political system.
Thus, Cuba is
presently catapulting itself into the new Latin American left. One of its main
features is participatory democracy. Cuba is becoming increasingly vibrant on
the very issue of people’s sovereignty while fighting a life-and-death struggle
against bureaucracy and corruption. Yet, there is only one party.
Bolivia and Ecuador
In addition to the current state of affairs in Venezuela as outlined above, Bolivia, under the leadership of Evo Morales, has led a massive movement with the party he founded.
In addition to the current state of affairs in Venezuela as outlined above, Bolivia, under the leadership of Evo Morales, has led a massive movement with the party he founded.
It has managed
to begin to turn the tables on 500 years of colonialism by empowering the
Indigenous and poor peoples at the base to take matters into their own hands.
This has taken place through elections. One new socialist-oriented political
party was and continues to be pitted against a plethora of pro-oligarchy status
quo political parties.
The Morales
party and government have gone through trials and tribulations as they strive
to combine Indigenous values such as Mother Earth with the need to develop the
economy for the well-being of all. This is a very complex and difficult
challenge.
Morales and
his party are looking to win the next elections, to be held in December 2014.
However, nothing can be taken for granted, as the US and their allies in that
Andean country have not given up their desire to put an end to the historical
trend of Indigenous people becoming sovereign. There are several political
parties in the Bolivian multi-party system, but the dichotomy far surpasses the
criteria put forward based on the number of political parties.
Morales’s
party is the only political formation that stands for sovereignty being
increasingly vested in the hands of the people and specifically dedicated to
the liberation of the Indigenous peoples.
Thus, the
future of the peoples does not lie in the multi-party system, but rather in the
hegemony of the Morales socialist party over the political scene.
This will be
necessary for the ongoing improvement of the notion that, as stated in Article
7 of the Bolivian Constitution, “sovereignty resides in the Bolivian people.”
This Constitution, including a wide variety of other notions of sovereignty,
most of which find their heritage in
Indigenous
values and traditions of governance, was drafted and voted upon by the people
under Morales’s leadership.
September 30,
2013 marked the third anniversary of the attempted coup d’état against
Ecuador’s President Rafael Correa. The coup—led by Lucio Gutiérrez, a defeated
candidate against Correa in the 2009 presidential elections—took place as part
of this other Andean country’s multi-party system.
What Gutiérrez
and his US backers could not achieve through elections was attempted in 2010 by
illegal and violent means. The fact that Gutiérrez was previously known as part
of a new “pink tide” of supposed progressives in his elections campaigning
indicates the very limited nature of the multi-party system, which is prone to
deceit and demagogy.
As for Correa,
he has gone on after the 2010 attempted coup to become one of the most lucid
critics of neo-liberal capitalist policies and against US interference in the
affairs of Latin America.
Despite some
critics from the “left” and, of course, the right, Correa, his movement and
their party are the best guarantors of pursuing Article 1 of the Constitution,
which enshrines, in part, that “Sovereignty lies with the people.”
Lessons from history
Alternation between “multi-party elections,” on the one hand, and coups and attempted coups, on the other, is not new to Latin American politics. Is this not what happened in the early 1950s in Cuba?
The progressive political force in which Fidel Castro was involved was heading to electoral victory in multi-party elections against the US-sponsored Batista regime. Batista organized a coup d’état on March 10, 1952 and cancelled the elections. Fidel Castro, his supporters and their movement were responsible for ensuring that the Cuban people would hold sovereignty in their hands for the first time in their history as a basis for strengthening and improving it.
This took place despite the multi-party system, 50 years before the new Latin America had begun to emerge. Thus, Cuba is not only part of this new Latin American left, but is, in many ways, its precursor. The common denominator is sovereignty being vested in the hands of the people.
Alternation between “multi-party elections,” on the one hand, and coups and attempted coups, on the other, is not new to Latin American politics. Is this not what happened in the early 1950s in Cuba?
The progressive political force in which Fidel Castro was involved was heading to electoral victory in multi-party elections against the US-sponsored Batista regime. Batista organized a coup d’état on March 10, 1952 and cancelled the elections. Fidel Castro, his supporters and their movement were responsible for ensuring that the Cuban people would hold sovereignty in their hands for the first time in their history as a basis for strengthening and improving it.
This took place despite the multi-party system, 50 years before the new Latin America had begun to emerge. Thus, Cuba is not only part of this new Latin American left, but is, in many ways, its precursor. The common denominator is sovereignty being vested in the hands of the people.
In contrast to
the experience of the 21st-century new Latin American left, the US Constitution
does not include the concept of “sovereignty lying in the hands of the people”
nor the word “democracy.”
Arnold August
is the author of Cuba and Its Neighbours: Democracy in Motion and he will
be speaking in London on Saturday 7 September at the Latin America Conference,
held at the TUC, WC1 www.latinamericaconference.org.uk
